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Flying disc freestyle, also known as freestyle Frisbee in reference to the trademarked brand name, is a sport and performing art characterized by creative, acrobatic, and athletic maneuvers with a flying disc. Freestyle is performed individually or more commonly in groups, both competitively and recreationally. The Freestyle Players Association (FPA) is the governing body of freestyle, “dedicated to the growth of freestyle disc play as a lifetime recreation and competitive sport.”〔(FPA Mission Statement )〕 The organization is involved in international tournaments and rankings as well as education grants and promotional activities. Every year, the FPA holds a world championship with divisions in Open Pairs, Mixed Pairs, Open Co-op, and Women’s Pairs. Competitive freestyle is usually judged on execution, difficulty, and artistic impression by a panel of players.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://wfdf.org/sports/freestyle )〕 ==History== By the late 1960s and early 1970s, modern flying discs had become a popular pastime in the United States,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.wfdf.org/about/what-is-the-wfdf )〕 developing into to various disciplines such as double disc court, disc guts, ultimate, disc golf, and disc freestyle.〔(by the Masters'', Charles Tips 33 )〕 At the time, most disc players were overall players, participating in all the various disciplines. Freestyle began in the 1960s with a few players, like Victor Malafronte, John "Z" Weyand, Ken Westerfield, Kerry Kollmar and Dan Roddick trying to perform more complex trick catches and throws. Freestyle in the beginning before the invention of the "nail delay" catching possibilities would depend on the throw you were given, it was always spontaneous and unpredictable. Play of this type of freestyle was performed with two players standing 30-40 yards apart, the throws were fast and varied and the catches were right off the throw, except for the occasional kick or slap-up and rarely a pause between the catch and the throw back. At advanced levels, the throws and catches would become a flow that was created once you mastered the basics. It was fast and fluid and visibly would resemble martial arts and dance.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://people.ucsc.edu/~kdgivens/1970s_pre_modern.html#introduction )〕 Eventually, freestyle developed into its own discipline, with the first Frisbee freestyle competition being introduced by Ken Westerfield and Jim Kenner at the 1974 Canadian Open Frisbee Championships, Toronto, Canada.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.irasabs.com/?p=14025 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://freestyle-frisbee.com/info/intro.html )〕 One of the earliest distinctly freestyle disc maneuver was the tip, the act of quickly pressing fingers on the bottom of the disc to maintain or alter its position without catching the disc or letting it fall to the ground.〔(by the Masters'', Charles Tips 34 )〕 Tipping first began in the early 70s, becoming more popular and refined by 1975.〔(by the Masters'', Charles Tips 34 )〕 The tip, according to some histories, eventually led to the nail delay,〔(by the Masters'', Charles Tips 125 )〕 considered by many to be the beginning of modern freestyle.〔(The Decade Awards )〕 The invention of the nail delay is disputed, but its first tournament appearance occurred when Freddie Haft performed the delay in the freestyle pairs event at the 1975 American Flying Disc Open (AFDO) in Rochester, NY.〔(Origins and Early History of Freestyle'' Jim Palmieri, Unpublished )〕 This was the first freestyle event held in the US. The nail delay involves balancing the disc on the fingernail while the disc continues to spin. This technique allows freestylers to change the flight path of the disc and perform numerous balletic and technical maneuvers such as restricted pulls, holds, turnovers, and shoots. The pinnacle of freestyle as a commercial and popular venture was in the late 1970s and early 1980s when Wham-O sponsored major tournament circuits culminating in the Rose Bowl,〔https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6kuo7UIcM38〕 an overall event with a prominent freestyle component.〔(Freestyle History with Roger Meier and Rob Fried )〕 Experienced players would collect points in smaller tournaments to win a spot in the Rose Bowl.〔(Freestyle History with Skippy Jammer )〕 Famous appearances include freestyle legends Johnny Dwork, Joey Hudoklin, Donnie Rhodes, Bill Wright, and Jens and Irwin Valasquez. In 1984, Hampshire College awarded Johnny Dwork, co-founder of the flying disc team The Wizards,〔http://vimeo.com/4517835〕 the world's only Bachelor of Arts degree for studies in Professional Flying Disc Entertainment and Education.〔http://www.hampshire.edu/library/3412.htm#28C〕 By 1981, Wham-O changed management and pulled its funding from freestyle.〔(Freestyle History with Roger Meier and Rob Fried )〕 Subsequently, the growth of freestyle severely declined, with play mostly limited to Americans introduced to the sport in its first two decades. By the late 1990s, freestyle seemed to be in decline as few new players began playing.〔(The Ultimate Disc Golf Show )〕 By the mid-2000s, however, the sport experienced a resurgence of growth in Europe, South America, and Japan. The cause of this resurgence is debated, but most attribute the growth to Paganello (a large, Italian ultimate tournament that sponsored a popular freestyle event), the impact of touring American players like Jens and Irwin Valasquez as well as Tom Leitner and Sune Wentzel (as part of a Nike tour), and a popular Nike commercial featuring two leading American freestylers, Dave Murphy and Dave Lewis. Today freestyle has a renewed popularity in the United States, as jammers across the country seek to emulate prodigy Emma Kahle (aka M-Maw), as well as in Germany, Czech Republic, Italy, Japan, Israel and Colombia. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Flying disc freestyle」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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